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About this NPA
The Administrative and Constitutional Law and Human Rights (ACLHR) National Practice Area (NPA) includes the following matters:
Administrative Law
- Judicial review applications pursuant to s 39B of the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) (Judiciary Act); Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) (ADJR Act) and ss 476A and 476B(3) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) (Migration Act)
- Appeals on questions of law from the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT), the Superannuation Complaints Tribunal and the National Native Title Tribunal (NNTT)
- Matters remitted from the High Court under s 75 of the Constitution
- Referral of petitions under the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Electoral Act).
Constitutional Law
- Matters arising under the Constitution or involving its interpretation.
Human Rights
- Unlawful discrimination proceedings under the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Human Rights Act).
This NPA does not cover appeals of ACLHR cases from a single judge of this Court, or a single judge of the Federal Circuit and Family Court. Such appeals (including Migration appeals) are made to the Federal Court under its appellate jurisdiction. More information about appeals in the Federal Court and Migration matters is available on the Court’s website.
Practice Notes
All practice notes are to be read with the Central Practice Note. It is the essential guide to practice in the Federal Court in all proceedings.
Central Practice Note (CPN-1)
The NPA practice note sets out the arrangements for the management of Administrative and Constitutional Law and Human Rights proceedings:
Other practice notes and Court developed guides which may be relevant to this NPA include:
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Information to Assist Litigants
The Federal Court’s website contains extensive Information to assist Litigants, including how to start a matter and practices and procedures in the Court. This information may also be useful if you are starting a matter and are acting for yourself (that is, you do not have legal representation).
This information is procedural advice only and does not constitute legal advice. In addition, Frequently Asked Questions have been developed to assist litigants in this NPA:
Where can I find information to help me?
In addition to the Practice Notes, Guides and other information noted above, information can be found via the following links:
- Victoria Legal Aid: Find legal answers
- Queensland Public Interest Law Clearing House: Going to a court or tribunal
- NSW Law Access: Law Access
- The Legal Aid Commission of Tasmania: Fact Sheets
- Canberra Community Legal Centre
- Darwin Community Legal Centre – Legal and Advocacy Services
- Legal Services Commission of South Australia: Law Handbook
- Western Australia Legal Aid: Information about the law
Who can I ask for information about the Court’s processes and practice?
You can ask Registry staff about court processes, filing and service of documents, Federal Court Rules 2011 (Cth) (Rules) or compliance with orders the Court has made.
For further information about how Registry staff can assist you and Registry contact details please see the Communicating with Registry Staff guide and Contact Us pages.
Can I contact the judge who is dealing with my case, or the judge’s staff?
Some Judges do not allow direct contact with their chambers unless a party has a lawyer. You should ask the judge hearing your case how that Judge would like you to be in contact. If the Judge decides there will be no direct contact with chambers, you must communicate with the Judge’s chambers through the Registry.
Please refer the Court’s Guide to communications with Chambers.
How long from starting my case until trial and then a decision?
The Judge may give you a hearing date at the first case management conference if that is possible. That date may be several months away.
Otherwise, the Judge may wait until the case is prepared before giving it a hearing date.
After the trial has finished, the Court has a policy of trying to give a decision within three months. That is not always possible, but that is what the Court aims for.
Can I have hearings by telephone or videoconference?
It is up the Judge dealing with your case to permit a person to participate by videoconference or telephone. This is more likely for case management hearings than for trial.
Witnesses may be permitted to give evidence by video link, but only if the Court considers it appropriate after hearing what all the parties have to say about that issue.
The Federal Court’s Videoconferencing Guide sets out information about the Court's videoconferencing equipment and facilities, the charges for its use and how it can be booked for the assistance of those wishing to use video conferencing in proceedings before the Court.
What power does the Court have to award costs?
The Court has wide powers about costs. The orders the Court might make include:
- Make a lump sum costs order.
- Not order costs even if a party loses because, for example, the case was about a matter of public interest, or important legal principle. At the start of the proceeding, the Court can place limits on the costs ordered. These are sometimes called “cost capping orders”. Cost capping orders can be made at the start of a proceeding and limit (or ‘cap’) the maximum amount of costs that the successful party (whoever that is) can recover. If you want the Court to consider a costs capping order you should raise this with the Judge.
- Make an order if you are unsuccessful pay the successful party’s costs (this is the most common costs order).
- Make an order that the unsuccessful party pay some but not all of the successful party’s costs.
Can I get legal assistance?
List of organisations
A list of organisations is available on the Court’s website which may be able to help you with free or low cost legal advice or assistance.
Free legal assistance
The Court under Division 4.2 of the Federal Court Rules has power to decide that a self-represented litigant should be referred for legal assistance.
You are not entitled to a referral under Rule 4.12, it is the Judge’s decision whether to make a referral and this occurs only in appropriate cases. You may also ask the Judge to make such a referral.
If a referral is made, the Judge will decide what level of assistance the referral will cover. It could be:
- only for legal advice
- for legal representation by a barrister only or
- for legal representation by a solicitor and a barrister.
It is possible that even where a referral is made no lawyer is willing to accept the referral.
There are circumstances in which lawyers who have accepted a referral under this Rule can ask to have the referral withdrawn. For example, if the client refuses to take their reasonable legal advice.
How can I get interpreting and translation services?
The Australian Government's Translating and Interpreting Service can supply telephone or on site interpreting. It is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and is accessible from anywhere in Australia for the cost of a local call by telephoning 131 450.
Please note: It is your responsibility to arrange and pay for the cost of a translator to translate documents relied on by you in Court or sent to you by the Court or the respondent.
Forms, Rules & Fees
Filing fees for starting a matter in this NPA may apply. Information about Court fees, including the fees payable and circumstances where an exemption or deferral can be given is available in Forms, Fees & Costs or from the Registry.
Parties should consider whether it is necessary to file a Genuine Steps Statements (Form 16) in certain proceedings in this NPA - see r 8.02 of the Rules and the Civil Dispute Resolution Act 2011 (Cth) (including ss 6, 7 and 16).
Administrative Law
1. Judicial Review Applications:
(a) Under the Judiciary Act
An application for judicial review under ss 39B(1) and (1A) the Judiciary Act:
A person who wants to make an application for relief under s 39B of the Judiciary Act must file the forms below.
The types of remedies that the Court can issue are orders compelling a respondent to do something or make a decision, orders preventing a respondent from doing something or making a decision, and orders setting aside a decision and requiring a person to make a new decision. The Court could also grant a Declaration (under s 39B(1A) of the Judiciary Act).
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(b) Under the ADJR Act
A person may apply for a judicial review under s 11(1) of the ADJR Act by filing the following documents. The grounds of review available under the ADJR Act include:
- a breach of the rules of natural justice or the right to procedural fairness
- the procedures required by law for the making of the decision were not observed
- the decision involved an error of law
- the decision was affected by fraud
- there was no evidence to make the decision
- the decision was an improper exercise of power, including:
- failing to take into account relevant considerations
- taking into account irrelevant considerations
- exercising the power unreasonably or in bad faith.
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(c) Under the Migration Act
Under s 476A of the Migration Act, the Federal Court has jurisdiction in relation to a migration decision only if:
- the Federal Circuit and Family Court transfers a pending proceeding in relation to the decision to the Federal Court
- the decision is a privative clause decision or purported privative clause decision of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal under s 500 of the Migration Act
- the decision is a privative clause decision or purported privative clause decision made personally by the Minister under ss 501, 501A, 501B or 501C of the Migration Act
- the Federal Court has jurisdiction in relation to the decision under sub-ss 44(3) or 45(2) of the AAT Act.
A ‘migration decision’ under the Migration Act includes privative clause decisions, purported privative clause decisions and non-privative clause decisions (as defined in the Migration Act). A decision includes the granting, giving, suspending, cancelling, revoking or refusing to give a certificate, direction, approval, consent or permission, including a visa. It also includes a failure or refusal to make a decision.
The Federal Court and the Federal Circuit and Family Court cannot decide for itself whether or not a person should be granted a visa, or whether or not a person should have a visa cancelled, only whether it has been affected by ‘jurisdictional error’. A jurisdictional error includes the decision-maker:
- identifying a wrong issue
- asking a wrong question
- ignoring relevant material
- relying on irrelevant material or
- an incorrect interpretation and/or application to the facts of the applicable law in a way that affects the exercise of power.
A person who wants to make an application for the review of a migration decision must file:
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2. Appeals from Tribunals
To commence an appeal on a question of law, under one of the following provisions, a person must file:
- s 44 of the AAT Act
- s 46 of the Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act
- s 169 of the Native Title Act.
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3. High Court remittals
Matters commenced in the High Court under s 75 of the Constitution may be remitted to this Court.
If the High Court has made an order remitting a proceeding to the Court, the applicant must file the order together with a Notice (see Form 71 below).
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4. Referral of petition under the Electoral Act
If the High Court has made an order referring a petition or part of a petition under either s 354(1) or 354(3) of the Commonwealth Electoral Act to the Court, then the applicant must file:
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5. Other administrative law applications
A person may, in certain circumstances, also apply for a judicial review under other legislation including the Extradition Act 1988 (Cth) and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) by filing:
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Constitutional Law matters
Where a proceeding involves a matter arising under the Constitution or involving its interpretation and a notice under s 78B of the Judiciary Act is required, a person must file:
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Human Rights matters
Before you can commence a human rights claim about unlawful discrimination in the Federal Court, you must first make a complaint to the Australian Human Rights Commission and the complaint must have been terminated. You can contact the Human Rights Commission on 1300 656 419.
The Australian Human Rights Commission terminates a complaint by giving a termination notice to each of the people involved in the complaint. You need a copy of the termination notice to complain to the Federal Court.
There are time limits for making complaints to the Federal Court. The normal rule is that a complaint to the Federal Court must be made within 60 days after the issue of the notice of termination.
A person who wants to start a proceeding for unlawful discrimination under the Human Rights Act must file:
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Commonly Used Legislation
Administrative & Constitutional Law
- Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth)
- Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth)
- Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth)
- Migration Act 1958 (Cth)
- Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)
- Superannuation (Resolution of Complaints) Act 1993 (Cth)
- Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act
- Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth)
- Extradition Act 1988 (Cth)
- Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth)
- Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth)
- Privacy Act 1988 (Cth)
- Ombudsman Act 1976 (Cth)
Human Rights
- Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Cth)
- Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth)
- Sex Discrimination Act 1999 (Cth)
- Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth)
- Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth)
Latest Judgments
- 26 Apr 2024:
Azimitabar v Commonwealth of Australia [2024] FCAFC 52
MIGRATION - appeal from a decision of a single judge of the Federal Court of Australia dismissing an application for damages arising from the alleged unlawful detention of the appellant at the Mantra Bell City Hotel and the Park Hotel (the Hotels) - whether subpara (b)(v) of the definition of "immigration detention" in s 5(1) of the Migration Act…
Judge: Rangiah, Anderson and Button JJ - 24 Apr 2024:
Munkara v Santos NA Barossa Pty Ltd (No 4) [2024] FCA 414
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE - respondent in action wholly successful in defending applicants' claims - respondent party requesting and serving subpoenas following judgment on the primary claims - subpoenas requested for the purpose of assisting the respondent to decide whether to make an application for costs against non-parties including four…
Judge: Charlesworth J - 23 Apr 2024:
Adefarakan v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2024] FCA 409
MIGRATION - application for judicial review of a non-revocation decision of the Administrative Appeal Tribunal (AAT) - where the AAT failed to consider materials relevant to its inquiry, namely the applicant's rehabilitation progress relevant to his risk of harassing, molesting, stalking or intimidating a member of the Australian community - where …
Judge: Bromwich J - 22 Apr 2024:
Manebona v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2024] FCA 402
MIGRATION - visa cancelled on character grounds - application for judicial review of Tribunal's decision to affirm decision of the delegate not to revoke cancellation - whether Tribunal misapplied a direction it was bound to apply - whether Tribunal overlooked material - whether failure to take relevant material into account satisfies threshold of …
Judge: Stewart J - 19 Apr 2024:
Crocker, in the matter of Crocker v Minister for Centrelink [2024] FCA 399
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE - application for leave to institute proceeding where applicant subject to vexatious proceeding order - whether application for leave and supporting affidavit substantially comply with statutory requirements - whether proposed proceeding is a vexatious proceeding - where affidavit does not list all other proceedings…
Judge: Rangiah J - 19 Apr 2024:
FBLQ v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2024] FCA 397
MIGRATION - application for review of decision of Administrative Appeals Tribunal not to revoke mandatory cancellation of Applicant's visa - where Applicant's wife (who was also a witness in the Tribunal hearing) acted as the Applicant's advocate at Tribunal hearing in circumstances where the Applicant is illiterate and speaks very little English…
Judge: Hespe J - 19 Apr 2024:
Director of Biosecurity v Chi [2024] FCA 388
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW - application for declarations and penalties for breach of the Biosecurity Act 2015 (Cth) - where respondents were intercepted when importing live fish into Australia for commercial gain - where respondents produced false or misleading incoming passenger cards - where respondents cooperated at all times and made significant…
Judge: McElwaine J - 18 Apr 2024:
BWS22 v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2024] FCA 387
MIGRATION - visas - appeal from orders of a judge of the Federal Circuit Court and Family Court of Australia (Division 2) dismissing application for judicial review - where the Appellant was granted a Global Special Humanitarian visa in October 2010 - where delegate subsequently cancelled the Appellant's visa pursuant to s 116(1AA) of the…
Judge: Button J - 17 Apr 2024:
Commissioner of the NDIS Quality and Safeguards Commission v LiveBetter Services Ltd [2024] FCA 374
CIVIL PENALTY - proceeding for civil contraventions of ss 73J and 73V of the National Disability Insurance Scheme Act 2013 (Cth) - where failures involved breaches of the NDIS Practice Guidelines and the NDIS Code of Conduct - where conduct serious - where failures placed NDIS participant at a real and significant risk for which the consequences…
Judge: Raper J - 16 Apr 2024:
Joy v UGL Operations and Maintenance Pty Limited (No 4) [2024] FCA 410
Judge: Feutrill J
Latest Speeches & Papers
- 22 Mar 2024:
The ART of merits review – key differences from the AAT
Paper delivered at a dinner organised by the Australian Italian Lawyers Association and the Hellenic Australian Lawyers Association - 18 Mar 2024:
Mechanisms in the ART Bill to thwart Robodebt-type maladministration
Paper delivered at the Australian Academy of Law conference, Melbourne. - 15 Mar 2024:
The ART of merits review: Structural and operational flexibility
Paper delivered at the Whitlam Institute seminar, Melbourne. - 30 Nov 2023:
The rule of law and private law – Revisiting the Rule of Law book forum
published on the Australian Public Law Blog - 8 Mar 2023:
Judicial accountability – new developments and threats
Paper delivered at the Commonwealth Lawyers’ Conference by Justice Logan. - 28 Oct 2022:
"March in the guilty bastard"? - Administrative action and military discipline
Paper delivered to the Advanced Military Administrative Law Course, University of Adelaide.
Seminars
- 29 Nov 2017: Australian Academy of Law Annual Lecture WA Chapter Lecture Rationality and reason in administrative law - Would a roll of the dice be just as good?
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Important note: This information is procedural advice only. You should seek your own legal advice about legal cases and procedure in the Federal Court and in this area of law.