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\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916419\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916421\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916417\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916419\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916421
\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916417\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
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\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li5760
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\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li5760
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;}\listid1518694733}{\list\listtemplateid65169046\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat0\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1090911370\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\loch\af3\hich\af3\dbch\af31506\fbias0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916419\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0
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\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1538350885}{\list\listtemplateid-721507988{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
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{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1563519245}{\list\listtemplateid-1318552350\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
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\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-720\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916417
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li2340\jclisttab\tx2340\lin2340 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916431\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916441\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916443\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916431\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916441\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916443\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1602370779}{\list\listtemplateid1717475042{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li2160
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\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li6480\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1645617922}{\list\listtemplateid-1310151622\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916431\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0 \fi-360\li360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid201916441\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916443
\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916431
\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916441
\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916443
\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916431
\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916441
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916443
\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li6120\lin6120 }{\listname ;}\listid1781756307}{\list\listtemplateid-1350922156\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916417\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid201916419\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916417\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916417\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li2520\lin2520 }
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\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916421\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid201916417\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
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\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid11945558 PAGE \\* MERGEFORMAT }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid2570302 16}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
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\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13073690 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 IPS THAT CHANGED THE LAW \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13073690\charrsid10973574
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1967940\charrsid10973574 THE }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1967940\charrsid10973574 TORREY CANYON}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1967940\charrsid10973574 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8927985\charrsid10973574 DISASTER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1967940\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6700404 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16211162\charrsid10973574 Steven Rares}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid7223383\charrsid10973574 *}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid3419465\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16211162\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sa200\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16211162 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16211162\charrsid10973574
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13073690\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid358018\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7608568 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid358018\charrsid10973574 On }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 Saturday }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid358018\charrsid10973574 18 March 1967, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7494321\charrsid10973574 at about 8:50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 am}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6300340\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12732151\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12732151\charrsid10973574 , on route from Kuwait }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12732151\charrsid10973574 Wales, ran aground }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 on Poll}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 rd\rquote s Rock }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12732151\charrsid10973574 between Land\rquote
s End and the Scilly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 Isles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12732151\charrsid10973574 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 She was a vessel of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16128698\charrsid10973574 firsts: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16128698\charrsid10973574 a first generation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 cape size }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16128698\charrsid10973574
supertanker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 of 297 metres l.o.a., and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16128698\charrsid10973574 her grounding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14250334\charrsid10973574 the world\rquote s first major oil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 tanker disaster. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 And from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 the consequences of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14250334\charrsid10973574 wreck off the Cornish coast, 50 years ago, emerged the first in
ternational regime on liability and compensation for oil pollution damage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7608568\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 2.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 was a truly \lquote international\rquote vessel. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574
The tanker was owned by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 the Be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 rm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 udian
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 Barracuda}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 Tanker C}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 orporation, which was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 part owned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 by American }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 Union O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 il }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 orporation, and she }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6700404\charrsid10973574 flagged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 in Liberia.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 r master was an Italian, Pastren}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 go }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 Rugiati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 an Italian crew. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 She was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 on charter to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 British }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 Petroleum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 , then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid9638965 partially owned by the British G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 overnment, and was insured }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 or covered by P & I Clubs }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 in Britain and the United States.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574
During the oil boom of the 1960s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 had been \'93jumbosized\'94 by Sasebo Heavy Industries, a Ja}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 panese yard, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 to double her capacity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9849633\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1272004 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 * A judge of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2694433 Federal Court of Australia and}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 an additional judge of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8213174 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 The author acknowledges the assistance of his associate, Caitlin Healey-Nash, in the preparation of this paper. The errors are the author\rquote s alone.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13073690\charrsid10973574
\par \tab A paper presented at the Maritim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid276331\charrsid10973574 e Law Association of Australia and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13073690\charrsid10973574 New Zealand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid276331\charrsid10973574 44}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\super\insrsid276331\charrsid10973574 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid276331\charrsid10973574 National Conference }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid13073690\charrsid10973574 in Melbourne on 5\~October 2017.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3736227 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14104143 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid9849633\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid9849633\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3736227\charrsid10973574 Grey Hall, \lquote Torrey Canyon alerted the world to the dangers that lay ahead\rquote , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid3736227\charrsid10973574 Professional Mariner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3736227\charrsid10973574 , 28 March 2007 }}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 . On the fateful voyage s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6579717\charrsid10973574 he was carrying a cargo of 120,000 tons of crude oil }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 discharge at the Milford Haven o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 il refinery in Wales}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11562979\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6102240 \rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid11562979\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11562979\charrsid10973574
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6428449\charrsid10973574 M\'e5ns Jacobsson, \lquote The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6428449\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6428449\charrsid10973574
fifty years on: the legal legacy\rquote (2013) 23 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6428449\charrsid10973574 Journal of International Maritime Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6428449\charrsid10973574 20, 20}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7608568\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 3.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6700404 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 On the day before the grounding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid12586762\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 Capt Rugiati had calculated that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 because of her laden draft, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 had to enter Milford Haven harbour on the high tide before 23:00 on 18 March or wait about another week until the tide would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574
again }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 be high enough }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 for her to enter. Before retir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 ing for the night}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 the master had set a course that would have taken
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 clear of the Scilly Isles. He left her on autopilot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 but strong currents overnight pushed the ship to the north and east and the chief officer altered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 course towards}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5126469\charrsid10973574 the north. When Capt Rugiati awoke }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 he saw }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5126469\charrsid10973574 that the Scilly Isles were unexpectedly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574
off his port, not starboard bow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7809968\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7809968 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7809968\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7809968\charrsid10973574 \tab Hall, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 above n 1}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 4.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid5126469\charrsid10973574 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 master}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5126469\charrsid10973574 ordered a change of course but that took }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 the ship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5126469\charrsid10973574 , as he was aware, towards the Seven Stones reef that would be submerged by the tide. He planned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5126469\charrsid10973574 and tried}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid5126469\charrsid10973574 to make adjustm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 ents to his course by ordering a hard swing to port but, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 the critical time, the ship did not respond. No doubt that was because he had left the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 ship on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 autopilot. Only too late did he disengage the autopilot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 Ibid}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7608568\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 5.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15990813 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574
Guardian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5126469\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 reported on the 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\super\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 th}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 anniversary that 90 year old Gladys Perkins, a resident of St Martin\rquote s, the norther}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 most Scilly Isle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9638965 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 recalled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 I saw this huge ship sailing and I thought, he\rquote s in rather close, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid2586104\charrsid10973574 I hope he knows what he\rquote s doing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2586104\charrsid10973574 \'94,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 and the rest, as they say, is history or, as Ms Perkins candidly put it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9638965 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 \'93I just could not believe it. They\rquote d hit the Seven Stones [reef] in broad daylight.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid2586104\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid2586104\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2586104\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2586104\charrsid10973574 Adam Vaughan, \lquote Torrey Canyon disaster \endash the UK\rquote s worst-ever oil spill 50 years on\rquote , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid2586104\charrsid10973574 The Guardian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2586104\charrsid10973574 (online), 18 March 2017 }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 6.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7608568 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8193498\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid10692211\charrsid10973574 suffered damage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 to her keel }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10692211\charrsid10973574 over more th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16128698\charrsid10973574 an half her length}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16128698\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 And almost }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid10692211\charrsid10973574 immediately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid10692211\charrsid10973574 30,000 tons of crude oil spilled into the s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7608568\charrsid10973574 ea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid158156\charrsid10973574 \chftn
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6102240 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid158156\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid158156\charrsid10973574 \tab Patrick Griggs CBE, \lquote \'93
Torrey Canyon\'94, 45 Years On: Have We Solved All the Problems?\rquote in Baris Soyer and Andrew Tettenborn (eds), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid158156\charrsid10973574 Pollution At Sea: Law and Liability }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid158156\charrsid10973574 (Informa, London, 2012) 3, 3}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7608568\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 7.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574
However, that was just the beginning of the disaster. No oil spill of that size had ever occurred. Several, never to be repeated, experiments in how to deal with the oil and the stranded ship followed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 8.\tab}By nightfall on 18 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 March }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 1967, an oil slick 8 miles (or about 13 kilometres) long had spread from the ship\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574
ruptured tanks. The next day the slick}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14886334\charrsid10973574 was 20 miles (about 32\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 kilometres) long}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid6316159\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6102240 \rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid6316159\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6316159\charrsid10973574
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 Patrick Barkham, \lquote Oil spills: Legacy of the Torrey Canyon\rquote , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 The Guardian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 (online), 24 June 2010 }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 9.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1707212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574
In the past, clearing up tiny coastal oil spills had involved using mixtures of solvents and emulsifiers. Although they were described as detergents, in fact, these were highly toxic chemicals. The British Navy began deploying these chemicals within 12
\~hours of the spill. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 Guardian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid9638965 \rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 correspondent, Patrick }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 Barkham}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 writing at the time of the Deepwater Horizon disaster (24 June 2010), recalled that handily for BP, it manufactured the solvents and emulsifiers used in 1967 to clean up spills. He wrote t
hat the British Government warned that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 was \'93a bomb\'94 and that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 as one man involved in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5461802\charrsid10973574 clean-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 up operation put it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9638965 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 \'93BP were making a bomb, literally, both ways\'94}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 Ibid}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15990813\charrsid10973574 In the 1960s responsible newspapers were called \'93journals of record\'94 because they took pains }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 accurately to report the facts. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 n his 2010 piece}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 , Barkham quoted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 from a March 1967 contemporaneous report in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 Guardian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 which stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid8213174 Ibid}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri237\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin237\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1707212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid5461802\charrsid10973574 BP, which had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid5461802\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5461802\charrsid10973574
on charter but does not own her (and therefore disclaims any responsibility for the oil pollution) has sent all the detergent it can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 lay its hands on.\'94
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12607813\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 10.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7608568 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 As we now know}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574
,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 the excuse that BP was the lessee and not the owner of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 Deepwater Horizon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 did not work with President Obama }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 in 2010 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574
and is one demonstration of how }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 orrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 changed the law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6102240 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab Transocean Ltd was the owner and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid801837\charrsid10973574 later }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 settled claims against it for about USD210 million}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13129313 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6316159\charrsid10973574 . }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 11.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 Back to 19 March 1967. The own}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11760107 ers of the stricken oil carrier}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 engaged Dutch experts who insisted that she could be salved. The British }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 Undersecretary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 for Defence (Navy)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 Maurice Foley MP, was reported }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 initially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574
as saying that there was \'93no question\'94 of deliberately destroying the ship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid6316159\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6102240 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\super\insrsid6316159\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6316159\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11207101\charrsid10973574 Barkham, above n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 7}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574
However, the clean-up operation ran into problems from the outset. Large swathes of water looked like a bubble bath and the chemicals that pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 oduced this aesthetic effect were}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 taking a heavy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 toll on bird and marine life.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 12.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7950217 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12544705\charrsid10973574 Indeed, the use of detergents sent journalists into a metaphor frenzy.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 correspondent in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 The Times}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 wrote: \'93A small force of the Royal Navy is already spraying the oil with detergent to neutralise it. The task is like trying to mop the Kensington Round Pond dry with a sponge\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6102240 \rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574
\tab \'93In peril from the sea\'94, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 The Times (of London)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 , 20 March 1967, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 1}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11760107 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 while then 38 year old Dennis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 Barker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 , a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 Guardian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 reporter, wrote that the effect was \'93like trying to pick up quicksilver with boxing gloves\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6102240 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 Barkham, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 above n 7}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7472881\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 13.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1000556 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 Another ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12586762\charrsid10973574
ample of how things have changed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 is that o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 n arriving at the railway platform at Penzance (a ferry port), }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 Barker, who was sent to cover the story}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12003096 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12003096 encountered then Prime Minister Harold Wilson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 on his way to spend his Easter holiday on the Scilly Isles. Barker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 in 2010}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 told }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 his colleague, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 Barkham}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 that Wilson \'93rather liked to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7223383\charrsid10973574 be at the scene of the action\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11158669\charrsid10973574 Ibid}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7223383\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 By Good Friday, 24 March 1967}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7950217\charrsid10973574 Prime Minister}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 was and the stench from the pollution and clean-up materials had reached Land\rquote
s End. Waves of oil reached the shore the next day.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 14.\tab}
On Easter Monday, the ship broke in two and almost all the 120,000 tonne cargo by that time had leaked into the ocean.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 15.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 Meanwhile, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 as his Prime Minister holidayed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 Undersecretary Foley continued to leave responsibility for the salvag}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 e with the companies involved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 aying that the Government \'93clearly \'85 have no responsibility in law for what has happened\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7494321\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\super\insrsid7494321\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7494321\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid8213174 Ibi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13129313 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574
Remember, he had said at the outset that there was no question of deliberately destroying the ship. Well, by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid801837\charrsid10973574 Tuesday}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 28 March 1967 things had changed. On that day, the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 launched a full scale attack on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 the ship dropping 62,000lbs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 or 28 tonnes}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 of bombs, about a quarter of which missed, and 5,200 gallons or about 23,50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 0 litres of petrol on her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid5135875\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6102240 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid5135875\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5135875\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1181606\charrsid10973574 \tab \lquote Bombs rain down on the Torrey Canyon
\rquote , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1181606\charrsid10973574 BBC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1181606\charrsid10973574 , 29 March 1967 }}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 . The armed services }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4020762\charrsid10973574 also fired 11\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574
rockets }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 at the wreck }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 and dropped large quantities of napa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 lm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 . The BBC reported that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11158669 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 Ibid}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri379\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin379\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5781485 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 \'93
[d]espite direct hits, and a towering inferno of flames and smoke as the oil slick began to burn, the tanker refused to sink.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5047452 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 16.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7608568 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 To add insult to the British forces}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 injury, the mission }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1000556\charrsid10973574 that day }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 was called off when particularly high spring tides put out the flames. The Home Office issued a disappointed statement acknowledging this set back, which ended by observing that: \'93
We cannot say at this stage what the next step will be\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid11158669\charrsid10973574 Ibid}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 . However, the BBC reported on 29 March 1967}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 \chftn
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11158669\charrsid10973574 Ibid}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1707212\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri237\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin237\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1054302 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1054302\charrsid10973574 \'93
It was decided at first light this morning to carry on bombing. Holiday makers gathered on the cliffs to watch the towering column of flames and smoke which could be seen up to 100 miles away.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid5047452\charrsid10973574
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1054302\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4020762\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 17.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020762 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4020762\charrsid10973574 Sadly, the British Government\rquote
s provision of this spectacle was to little avail. In the end, the spilled unburnt oil created a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16677774\charrsid10973574 270 square mile (or about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid4020762\charrsid10973574 700 square }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6636419\charrsid10973574 kilometres}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16677774\charrsid10973574 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid4020762\charrsid10973574 slick that contaminated 120 miles of the Cornish coast and 50 miles of the coast of Normandy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid4612537\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4612537 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid4612537\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4612537\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 Griggs, above n 6, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4612537\charrsid10973574 3}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4020762\charrsid10973574 . At the time, this was the biggest oil spill in history. The clean-up efforts took months and }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13707440\charrsid10973574 reportedly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 cost the British and French G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4020762\charrsid10973574 overnments over USD16 mil
lion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid3291254\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3291254
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid3291254\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid3291254\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3291254\charrsid10973574 Ann Blackwood Crain, \lquote Comments: Troublesome Aspects of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3291254\charrsid10973574 SEDCO 135}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3291254\charrsid10973574
Disaster: Has the Plight of the Transnational Pollution Victim Really Improved in the Wake of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3291254\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3291254\charrsid10973574 ?\rquote (1980) 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3291254\charrsid10973574 Houston Journal of International Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid3291254\charrsid10973574 387, 387}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4020762\charrsid10973574 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1054302\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 18.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7608568 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1054302\charrsid10973574
It may be a sign of changing times but the Australian Government did not seem to think of using the military in the same way }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 to deal with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1054302\charrsid10973574 the recent oil spills from the Montara platform on the Northwest shelf }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid801837\charrsid10973574 in 2009 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1054302\charrsid10973574 or the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1054302\charrsid10973574 Shen Neng}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1054302\charrsid10973574 running aground }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid801837\charrsid10973574 in 2010 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1054302\charrsid10973574 on the Great Barrier Reef.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 19.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid532602 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 The disaster of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574
Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 brought about changes in the law in a variety of ways.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4020762 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 The legal landscape at the time of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574
Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 disaster
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 20.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4020762 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 ffected parties, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 ncluding the British and French G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 overnments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 sought to make }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 claims for compensation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 against those responsible, including Barracuda, the owners of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 But }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 the absence of an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 international }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 compensation regime}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 they faced }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 a myriad of legal hurdles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab
The only two relevant international conventions at this time dealt with limitation of shipowners\rquote liability, not compensation: the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to the Limitation of the Liability of Owners of Sea-going Vessels 1924}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 International Convention Relating to the Limitation of the Liability of Owners of Sea-going Ships 1957.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
These conventions became obsolete following the coming into force in most States of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Convention of Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims 1976}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid8213174 given force of law i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 n Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8213174 by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims Act 1989}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574 (Cth)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 . }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid532602\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11020959\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11020959 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11020959\charrsid10973574 Jurisdiction
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3873023\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 21.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5781485 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid3873023\charrsid10973574 First, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 it was necessary to make the claims where a court had jurisdiction to render an enforceable decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid3873023\charrsid10973574 . The spill }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11020959\charrsid10973574 affected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 both coastal and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid3873023\charrsid10973574 international waters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 . It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11020959\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid3873023\charrsid10973574 caused damage in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11020959\charrsid10973574 several }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3873023\charrsid10973574 countries and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11020959\charrsid10973574 originated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3873023\charrsid10973574 from a vessel with multinational connections}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11020959\charrsid10973574 .
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11020959\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 The British G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 overnment issued a writ for damages }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11020959\charrsid10973574 on 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11020959\charrsid10973574 May 1967 in the Admiralty Court in London }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16128698\charrsid10973574 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 named }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid13129313 \rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 sister ships, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 Sansinena}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 Lake Palourde}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12586762\charrsid10973574 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 arracuda also owned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6102240 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \tab Craig Vance Wilson, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574
The Impact of the Torrey Canyon disaster on technology and national and international efforts to deal with supertanker generated oil pollution: an impetus for change?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574
(University of Montana, 1973) 121}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 However,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 eventually }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 sunk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 there was a problem in arresting her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 As the former President of the Comit\'e9 Maritime Internati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 onal, Patrick }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid13129313 Griggs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 CBE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 , explained}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab Griggs}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4020762\charrsid10973574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 above n 6, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4020762\charrsid10973574 5}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri379\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin379\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5781485\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574
In the context of establishing English jurisdiction, the loss of the ship itself was an immediate problem \endash though it was
suggested that the presence of a lifeboat in Penzance, recovered from the ship, might be enough to found it. (This was never tested). The owners were a Bermudian company not directly amenable to English jurisdiction: but they did own two other tankers. Ho
wever, claimants could reasonably assume that these two sister-ships would be kept well away from the UK, and so there seemed to be an insoluble jurisdictional problem.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5781485 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 22.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5781485 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 Ultimately on 15 July 1967, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 British }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 Government arrested one of the sister ships, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2039537\charrsid10973574 Lake Palourde}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 in Singapore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 She was o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 n a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 voyage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 from California to the Persian Gulf, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 urgently required two coils of wire rope.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574
Her owners arranged to have the coils delivered outside the three mile limit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574
but when the ship reached the proposed rendezvous, there was no delivery ship. So she proceeded into Singapore Harbour.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 She had been in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 harbour }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 only a few minutes when a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 British }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574
Government lawyer, accompanied by the Ba}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11234770\charrsid10973574 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574
liff of the High Court of Singapore, appeared in a launch and boarded her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 The B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11234770\charrsid10973574 ai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 liff affixed a warrant of arrest to the vessel\rquote s main mast, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 hus impounding her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 Edward Cowan, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 Oil and Water}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 (JB Lippincott, New York, 1968) 195}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 -199}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 , cited in Wilson,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10449972\charrsid10973574 above n 23,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid14438209\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14187593\charrsid10973574 124-127}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 23.\tab}On 20 July 1967}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12586762\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 Lake Palourde}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 was released after her insurer had provided a bond for USD8.4 million and Barracuda entered an appearance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\super\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7889436\charrsid10973574 Ibid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 , 198}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 . As }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 the ship }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 steamed toward the open sea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12586762\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5781485\charrsid10973574 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 launch with France\rquote s charge d\rquote affaires in Singapore, two lawyers }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 representing the French G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7018024\charrsid10973574 overnment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 , a High Court Ba}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11037843\charrsid10973574 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 liff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7018024\charrsid10973574 and a policeman on board chased her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574
but the pursuit ended unsuccessfully at the three mile limit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\super\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7889436\charrsid10973574 Ibid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid207053\charrsid10973574 , 198}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13701630\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 France eventually established jurisdiction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2183086\charrsid10973574 a year later }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 by arresting
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2183086\charrsid10973574 Lake Palourde}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 in Rotterdam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7889436\charrsid10973574 Wilson, above n 23}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid207053\charrsid10973574 , 127}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7018024\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7018024\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 24.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2033348 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7018024\charrsid10973574
In the event, Barracuda and the British Government agreed that proceedings should be heard in London and Barracuda subm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 itted to English jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9398126 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 \tab Griggs,}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 above n 6,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9398126\charrsid10973574 5}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 .
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1272004 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2033348\charrsid10973574 Common law claims
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 25.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1272004 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 Secondly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7407806\charrsid10973574 , even with the jurisdiction issue addressed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4815489\charrsid10973574
affected parties }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4419596\charrsid10973574 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4815489\charrsid10973574 limited legal avenues for claiming compensation. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid4551444\charrsid10973574 Civil actions for oil pollution were limited to common law claims in tort against the vessel owner or other responsible parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574
, which required proof of fault}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2033348\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4551444\charrsid10973574
The first oil pollution case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12586762\charrsid10973574 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4551444\charrsid10973574 reach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid2033348\charrsid10973574 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4551444\charrsid10973574 the House of Lords}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 Southport Corporation v Esso Petroleum Co Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 \tab [1956] AC 218}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid13129313 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4551444\charrsid10973574 demonstrated the difficulties that claimants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 would face }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4551444\charrsid10973574 in bringing an action in any of the primary causes of action \endash trespass, nuisance and negligence \endash following pollution of the coastline by an oil spill at sea.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 Before I explain that decision, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12586762\charrsid10973574 I should also note that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 any claimants were likely to be met with a very particular defence in respect of damages caused by oil from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 26.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7890782 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574
When a Colonel Wooton claimed damages for harm done by the leaked oil to plant and animal life on an English island that he leased, Barracuda\rquote s lawyers wrote expressing sympathy but denying liability. The lawyers said that even if owner\rquote
s liability could be established}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 Cowan, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11158669\charrsid10973574 above n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11096584\charrsid10973574 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid11158669\charrsid10973574 5, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid207053\charrsid10973574 197-198}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri380\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin380\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7890782 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 \'93
the majority of the oil was released by the bombing of the ship by the British Government without the consent or connivance of the owners.\'94
\par
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 27.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9577877 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid12586762\charrsid10973574
Southport }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 case concerned a 680 ton oil tanker, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 Inverpool}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 , that became stranded in an estuary following a defect in her steering gear. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12084735\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 The master discharged 400 tons of oil to lighten the tanker, an action he considered necessary to save the vessel and crew from danger. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12084735\charrsid10973574 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 The oil spill reached the Southport foreshore and caused extensive damage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12084735\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 Southport }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 sued }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 the tanker\rquote
s owners and master, alleging that the deposit of oil on the foreshore was either a trespass to land, or a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12084735\charrsid10973574 nuisance, or due to negligence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 Southport had pleaded negligent navigation as the only basis for its negligence claim.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 28.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
Devlin J, at first instance, found that Southport could not succeed in any claim. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12084735\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 is Lordship found that, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 first, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
the defence of necessity answered an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 y case in trespass and nuisance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
Southport Corporation v Esso Petroleum Co Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 [1953] 3 WLR 773 at 779}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 and, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 secondly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 Southport had failed to prove }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 negligence against either the owners or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 the master}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4784707\charrsid10973574 Ibid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 at 782}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 29.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
However, his Lordship was not insensitive to Southport\rquote s plight, and acknowledged the constraints of the common law in offering relief in such circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12084735\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 He sai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12084735\charrsid10973574 d:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri379\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin379\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9577877\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 \'93At first sight, it
may appear to be unreasonable that shipowners whose servants cause such damage in order to save their own property should not automatically have to pay for it. But Mr Nelson, for the defendants, submits that at common law there is no duty at all upon shi
p
s to avoid this type of damage. If Parliament considers that further legislation is necessary for the protection of the public, no doubt such legislation will be enacted. My duty is to apply the common law, and to examine therefore the causes of action up
on which the plaintiffs rely.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4784707\charrsid10973574 Ibid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid11096584\charrsid10973574 at 775}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9577877 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 30.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9577877 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 In t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
he Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574
Singleton and Denning LJJ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
Morris LJ dissenting, reversed the decision of Devlin J. Singleton LJ considered the claim on the basis of negligence, and did not consider nuisance or trespass. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12084735\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 held }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 the doctrine of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 res ipsa loquiter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 applied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 placed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
the burden of proof on the owners and the master to explain the cause of the faulty steering gear. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16611460\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
As they had failed to do so, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 he held that they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 were liable in negligence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Southport Corporation v Esso Petroleum Co Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 [1954] 2 QB 182 at 193-195}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 31.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16539346 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 Denning LJ }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574
would have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 agreed with Singleton LJ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 res ipsa loquiter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 applied, but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 preferred to decide the negligence claim under the rule in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
The Merchant Prince}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab [1892] P 179}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
, which shifted the burden of proof onto the defendant in \'93exceptional cases\'94 where the vessel proved to be dangerous by its own showing. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16611460\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 Denning LJ held that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 he burden was on the defendan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574
ts to prove inevitable accident}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Southport Corporation v Esso Petroleum Co Ltd}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 [1954] 2 QB 182 at 199}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 . He found}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4784707\charrsid10973574 Ibid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 at 201}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri379\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin379\lin1440\itap0\pararsid16539346\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 \'93Applying }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 The Merchant Prince}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 \tab [1892] P 179}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574
, we find here that the ship ran on to the revetment wall. If the steering gear was in order, that was
plain negligence. The ship seeks to escape from this charge of negligence by saying that her steering gear had failed and she was out of control. But that is no answer unless she proves \endash and the legal burden is on her to prove \endash
that it was no fault of hers that the steering gear had failed. She has not discharged that burden, or even attempted to discharge it. She is, therefore, liable.\'94
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16539346 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 32.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16539346 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 In addition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
, Denning LJ held that the trespass claim fail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 , because no physical act had been done di}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 rectly against Southport\rquote s land}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Southport Corporation v Esso Petroleum Co Ltd}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 [1954] 2 QB 182 at 196}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 as }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 the private nuisance claim, because the harm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574
had to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 come from the use of land, not of the sea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4784707\charrsid10973574 Ibid}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16611460\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 However, he consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
that the discharge of oil could constitute a public nuisance for which the owners and master would be liable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4784707\charrsid10973574 Ibid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 at 197}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9577877\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 unless they could show that such discharge was \'93
an unavoidable necessity [that] was not at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 tributable to their negligence\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid4784707\charrsid10973574 Ibid }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13129313 t 199}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16611460\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 He found that, on the evidence, they had failed to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 33.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
The House of Lords overturned the Court of Appeal\rquote s decision.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16611460\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574
They found that, in the face of the necessity to discharge oil for the safety of the crew, neither trespass nor nuisance could succeed without some underlying negligence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16611460\charrsid10973574 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 Southport had only pleaded negligent navigation against the master }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 had not alleged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 that the steering breakdown may have been due to lack of proper care or unseaworthiness. In their Lordships\rquote
view, as Devlin J had determined that the master was not negligent, the vicarious liability allegations against the owners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 also had to fail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Southport Corporation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
[1956] AC 218 at 237 per Earl Jowitt, at 239 per Lord Norman, at 241 per Lord Morton of Henryton, at 244 per Lord Radcliffe, at 244 per Lord Tucker}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 Further, Lord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 Tucker and Radcliffe indicated their support for the conclusion of Denning LJ that there was no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 case for trespass on the facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4784707\charrsid10973574 Ibid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 at 242 per Lord Ra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 dcliffe, at 244 per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8213174 Lord Tucker}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 Lord Radcliffe also said that neither the owners nor the master }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 responsible for private nuisance, and that the defence of necessity answered any po}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 ssible claim of public nuisance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11154282\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid4784707\charrsid10973574 Ibid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 at 242 per Lord Radcliffe}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 .
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16539346 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 British G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 overnment\rquote s claims
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 34.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16539346 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 Thus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid356957\charrsid10973574 , the British G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 overnment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid356957\charrsid10973574 \rquote s causes of action }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 against the owners of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid356957\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid356957\charrsid10973574 were for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 negligence and public nuisance.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 Each}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 claim }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 required }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 proof of
negligence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 but t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 his did not appear to be a problem in the circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 given the fault of Capt\~Ru}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 giati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16455427\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 as Griggs noted, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 it was not clear whether the crew were the servants of the registered owners or of the long-term charterers, a fact that might have given rise to issues of vicarious liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 Griggs, above n 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3173413\charrsid10973574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 4}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 .
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7890782 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 Limits to compensation
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 35.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7890782 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 Thirdly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 , in England }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 the owners of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 could limit liability at about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 \'a31.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 5 million, about a quarter of what the British }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 and French }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7890782\charrsid10973574 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 overnment}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 were seeking in compensation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 \chftn
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 Statement of Sir Elwyn Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574 QC MP,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574
Attorney General }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 to the House of Commons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \'93Torrey Canyon
\'94 Settlement, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 House of Commons Parliamentary Debates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
(Hansard), vol 791, no 11 (11 November 1969)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid13129313 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16539346\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13377450\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15731557\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7102055\charrsid10973574 In addition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid356957\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7102055\charrsid10973574 Guernsey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 , BP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7102055\charrsid10973574 and several individuals had begun proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16279791\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7102055\charrsid10973574
against Barracuda, or would shortly do so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid15164056\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\super\insrsid15164056\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15164056\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7889436\charrsid10973574 Wilson, above n 23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid15164056\charrsid10973574 , 127}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7102055\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13377450\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7102055\charrsid10973574 Thus, the maximum limitation fund would not go far in settling all these}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16279791\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7102055\charrsid10973574 claims.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1399896\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8087955\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 36.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3884654 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8087955\charrsid10973574 Eventually, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1399896\charrsid10973574 o}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 n 11 November 1969 the Attorney-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1399896\charrsid10973574 General, Sir Elwyn Jones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574
,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1399896\charrsid10973574 told the House of Commons that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8087955\charrsid10973574 the claims of the British and French }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8087955\charrsid10973574 overnments }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1399896\charrsid10973574 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid8087955\charrsid10973574 settled for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1399896\charrsid10973574 \'a33 million}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13704961\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid8087955\charrsid10973574 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 sum that was inadequate to meet the loss and damage caused. As Sir Elwyn told the House, at the very moment of his announcement}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574
a diplomatic conference was taking place in Brussels to create a convention the aim of which was to improve the position of coastal states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 Ibid}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8087955\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 37.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11088130 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 disaster made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6124404\charrsid10973574
evident that traditional legal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 remedies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6124404\charrsid10973574
were inadequate to deal with the consequences of pollution from ships. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 If claimants were left }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6124404\charrsid10973574
to pursue common law claims for compensation, based on the subjective fault of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 ship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6124404\charrsid10973574 , and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 to establish }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6124404\charrsid10973574 jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 , either against a ship that had not sunk or, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 as was even then unusual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 against a sister ship, the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 would not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 be likely to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574
recover damages, or an adequate amount promptly or perhaps at all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6124404\charrsid10973574 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6124404\charrsid10973574 The complex problems presented by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6124404\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 spill }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 demanded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6124404\charrsid10973574 that a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6124404\charrsid10973574 new internatio}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13377450\charrsid10973574 nal system }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13377450\charrsid10973574 urgent
ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3884654\charrsid10973574 developed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13377450\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11088130\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11088130 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11088130\charrsid10973574 The international response to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid11088130\charrsid10973574
Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11088130\charrsid10973574 incident
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid676045\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 38.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13061485 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid676045\charrsid10973574 The international law governing liabilit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2848677\charrsid10973574 y and compensation for damage caused by oil pollution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid676045\charrsid10973574 radically transformed in the aftermath of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid676045\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid86968\charrsid10973574
with the entry into force of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid86968\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid676045\charrsid10973574 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid2848677\charrsid10973574 International Convention on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid676045\charrsid10973574 Civil Liability }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2848677\charrsid10973574
for Oil Pollution Damage }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid676045\charrsid10973574 1969}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid676045\charrsid10973574 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid2848677\charrsid10973574 CLC}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 1969}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid676045\charrsid10973574 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 as amended by the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 Protocol of 1992}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 CLC 1992}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 ) and, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 secondly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11868858\charrsid10973574 funds established under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2848677\charrsid10973574 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid10303333\charrsid10973574 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1971 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5668149\charrsid10973574 (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5668149\charrsid10973574 1971 Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2848677\charrsid10973574 )}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5668149\charrsid10973574 as amended by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid5668149\charrsid10973574 Protocol of 1992}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5668149\charrsid10973574 (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5668149\charrsid10973574 1992 Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4548295\charrsid10973574 Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5668149\charrsid10973574
) and supplemented by the Protocol of 2003 to that Convention (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid5668149\charrsid10973574 2003 Protocol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid4548295\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
, done at Brussels 18 December 1971 [1995] ATS 2; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Protocol
to the International Convention on the Establishment of the International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage of 18 December 1971}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
, done at London 19 November 1976 [1995] ATS 3; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Amendments to the Limits of Compensation in the Protocol of 1992 t
o amend the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1971}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 done at London 18 Oct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 ober 2000 [2004] ATS 28}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid548662\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4548295\charrsid10973574 The current fund is known as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4548295\charrsid10973574 1992 Fund}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4548295\charrsid10973574 and the fund established by the 2003 Protocol is known as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4548295\charrsid10973574 Supplementary Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid4548295\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Protocol of 2003 to the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1992}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 , done at London 16 May 2003 [2003] ATNIF 21. The 2003 Protocol established the International Oil Pollution Compensation Supplementary Fund.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2828387\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid548662\charrsid10973574 The key objective of those treaties was to ensure adequate compensation for third parties who suffered loss or damage as a result }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13377450\charrsid10973574
of shipping incidents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8193081\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 39.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9904470 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193081\charrsid10973574 The CLC 1992 is given force of law in Australia by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid8193081\charrsid10973574 Protection of the Sea (Civil Liability) Act 1981}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193081\charrsid10973574
(Cth), and the 1992 Fund Convention and certain provisions of the 2003 Protocol are given force of law by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid8193081\charrsid10973574 Protection of the Sea (Oil Pollution Compensation Funds) Act 1993}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8193081\charrsid10973574 (Cth)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 and three related Acts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid8939285\charrsid10973574
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Protection of the Sea (Imposition of Contributions to Oil Pollution Compensation Funds \endash Customs) Act 1993}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 (Cth); }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Protection of the Sea (Imposition of Contributions to Oil Pollution Compensation Funds \endash Excise) Act 1993}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 (Cth); }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Protection of the Sea (Imposition of Contributions to Oil Pollution Compensation Funds \endash General) Act 1993}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 (Cth)}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14025813 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9904470\charrsid13129313 The scheme of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid13129313 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f0\fs24\insrsid14025813\charrsid13129313 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid13129313 CLC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid9904470\charrsid13129313 1969}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid13129313
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 40.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7212987 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 The British Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 swiftly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 call}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 for a new international regime }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 mmediately following the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574
incident and before the claims had been settled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 submitted a Note to the Intern}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 ational Maritime Organisation (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 IMO}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 ), known at the time as the In
ter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organisation, appealing for it to consider, as a matter of urgency, changes in international maritime law and practice governing oil pollution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 he British }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 argued that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 the incident had highlighted that the law relating to international shipping and oil pollution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 was inadequate and out of date}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\super\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
British Home Office, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 The Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
(London, April 1967) 10 quoted in Albert E Utton, \lquote Protective Measures and the \'93Torrey Canyon\'94\rquote (1968) 9(3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Boston College Law Review}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid8213174 613, 613}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 . They contended that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\super\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Note of the United Kingdom, \lquote Pollution of the Sea by Oil: Problems Brought to Light by the Loss of the \'93Torrey Canyon\'94\rquote , C/ES. III/3}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13061485\charrsid10973574 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri379\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin379\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7212987 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 The scale of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2827859\charrsid10973574 disaster was unprecedented. The wreck of tankers on the high seas has not hitherto had such significant repercussion
s on the coast bordering those seas. As a consequence the international law governing such matters does not take adequately into account the interests of countries which may have no direct interest in a ship or its cargo but the territory of which may be
affected by accident to the ship.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7212987 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 41.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7212987 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 The IMO }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
established }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 egal }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 ommittee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574
(that now independently continues in existence) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574
charged with the task of producing an international convention that addressed issues of liability and compensation for oil pollution. At around the same time, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 Comit\'e9
Maritime International (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 CMI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 ) also established the International }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 Sub-Committee to work with the IMO on this project, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 the CMI }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 produced its own draft convention.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\super\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab Griggs, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 above n 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3173413\charrsid10973574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 6}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 Both the IMO and CMI draft conventions were presented at the IMO International Conference on Marine Pollution Damage, held in November 1969}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2302287\charrsid10973574
in Brussels}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 , and from which emerged the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 CLC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 1969. The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 CLC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12942088\charrsid10973574 1969 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13377450\charrsid10973574 entered into force in 1975.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 42.\tab}As we all know drafting
by committee, especially one full of lawyers is anything but straightforward or fast. Yet the 1969 CLC had a remarkably rapid gestation period. The reason may lie in the fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7151663\charrsid10973574
llowing story of its genesis. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15755662\charrsid10973574 One source}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 gave the following account}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3173413 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9723154\charrsid10973574 Herry Lawford, \lquote Bill Birch Reynardson 1923-2017\rquote , 31 August 2016 <}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid16672797\charrsid10973574 http://lawfordherry.blogspot.com.au/2016/08/bill-birch-rey
nardson.html}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 >}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid2302287\charrsid10973574 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri379\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin379\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7212987 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2302287\charrsid10973574 When the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid2302287\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2302287\charrsid10973574
spilled its cargo of oil on the Scilly Isles in 1967 and it was realised that there was no international regime to determine who paid for the consequences of an accidental oil spill, Bill [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid15348615\charrsid10973574 Reynardson, vice-president of the CMI] got together with Lord Devlin [chair of the CMI International Sub-Committee] in his kitchen and drafted what became the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid15348615\charrsid10973574 Civil Liability Convention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid15348615\charrsid10973574 on which most international oil spill compensation law has been based since 1970.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7212987 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 43.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7212987 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 But w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9118506\charrsid10973574
hatever the source of the provisions, whether the conference rooms of Brussels or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Lord Devlin\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9118506\charrsid10973574 kitchen
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 table}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9118506\charrsid10973574 , their nature was revolutionary in many respects. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid9393270\charrsid10973574 The purpose of the CLC 1969 was to create \'93uniform international rules and procedures for determining questions of liability and providing adequate compensation\'94 to persons who suffered damage resul}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 ting from oil spills from ships}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9393270\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 CLC}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid11096584\charrsid10973574 1969}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 , Preamble}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13060781\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid13060781\charrsid10973574 It gave persons }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 affected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13060781\charrsid10973574 the advantage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13060781\charrsid10973574 of immediate identification of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
the owner of the tanker as the person who was liable and created }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13060781\charrsid10973574 effective jurisdiction over}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 that owner}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid13060781\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab B.J. Brooke-Smith, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Aspects of Oil Pollution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
(Paper presented at Maritime Law Association of Australia and New Zealand Ninth Annual Conference, 4-9 July 1982, Singapore) 7}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9393270\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 44.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9393270\charrsid10973574 The CLC 1969 had the following }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 key provisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-556\li1276\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls20\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid1272004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 it applied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 , }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313\charrsid10973574 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 direct damage by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
pollution resulting from oil spills from laden tankers caused in the territory, including the territorial sea, of States parties, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 secondly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 make recoverable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 the cost of reasonable measures to prevent or minimise pollution damage (Art II);
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}both governments and other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574
persons could make claims }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 (Art I(2));
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 prohibit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 claims being made against the shipowner for pollution damage otherwise than under the Convention (Art III(4));
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-556\li1276\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls21\adjustright\rin0\lin1276\itap0\pararsid1272004 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 it imposed strict liability on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 the shipowner at the time of the incident, with very limited exceptions (Art III(1)-(3)).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 it retained a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 right }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
the owner, under certain conditions, to limit his liability to an amount linked to the tonnage of the vessel (Art V(1));
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 it imposed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 a system of compulsory liability insurance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 for tanker owners and coupled this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 right }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 claimants to take direct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 action against the insurer (Art\~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 VII). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 And, in order t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
o ensure the recoverability of compensation, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 flag }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 States parties were to prevent ships of th
eir flag from trading unless a certificate attesting to the vessel\rquote s insurance or financial security had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 issued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5712506\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8213174 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 ee further, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid1275722\charrsid10973574 ibid}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 45.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14033599 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 The imposition of strict liability represented }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 a complete reversal of the common law approach, which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
required evidence of fault. As M\'e5ns Jacobsson, the former director of the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds, noted, \'93in 1969 it broke new grounds in maritime law\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab Jacobsson, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 above n 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 , 23}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
The standard of liability was one of the key points of contention at the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 1969 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 Brussels }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 Conference. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 The Repor
t of the CMI International Sub-Committee, summarising the attitude of National Associations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 that opposed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
a new strict liability standard,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 had stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14224186\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid14224186\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14224186\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6256140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1146539\charrsid10973574 Working Group, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1146539\charrsid10973574
Report to the International Subcommittee by its Working Group made after the meeting in Lisbon on February 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\super\insrsid1146539\charrsid10973574 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1146539\charrsid10973574
and March 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\super\insrsid1146539\charrsid10973574 st}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid1146539\charrsid10973574 1968}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1146539\charrsid10973574 (Comit}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid607879\charrsid10973574 \'e8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1146539\charrsid10973574 Maritime International}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid607879\charrsid10973574 , D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid3545606\charrsid10973574 ocumentation III, 1968) 144-146}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 :
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li1440\ri379\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin379\lin1440\itap0\pararsid14033599 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574
By introducing the concept of strict liability, which is foreign to the law of the sea, one would risk
upsetting the whole structure of private maritime law merely to deal with the problem of oil pollution, which does not call for exceptional treatment. The carriage of oil in bulk does not create the type of exceptional danger that justifies exceptional me
asures, as in the case of nuclear damage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14033599 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6889806\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 46.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14025813 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6889806\charrsid10973574 These provisions of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1398213\charrsid10973574 CLC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6889806\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9904470\charrsid10973574 1969 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6889806\charrsid10973574 were not only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 ground breaking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6889806\charrsid10973574 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 have proved }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6889806\charrsid10973574 enduring.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6889806\charrsid10973574 Since 1969, all IMO Conventions dealing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 with the consequences of oil pollution from ships have imposed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6889806\charrsid10973574 strict }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 civil }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6889806\charrsid10973574 liability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 the shipowner and sometimes the ship\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 crew, have included requirements for
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6889806\charrsid10973574 compulsory liability insur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 ance and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574
have conferred }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574
of direct action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 against insurers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid6889806\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 \tab Jacobsson, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 above n 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8806834\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid7212987\charrsid10973574 23}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 47.\tab}The scheme of imposing strict }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 civil }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574 liability on shipowners for oil pollution from their vessels, that the CLC 1969 pioneered, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 has }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574 flowed into the sphere of criminal responsibility as well. Shipowners}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 ship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574 masters }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1272004\charrsid10973574 and crew }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid14025813\charrsid10973574 now face criminal consequences for any oil pollution that is sourced to their vessels.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3235497\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 48.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6102240 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3235497\charrsid10973574 Australia }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574
has implemented the amended }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid13129313 Ships, 1973}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574 known as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574 MARPOL }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574 1978}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11688029 \rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13129313 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574 ncluding the amendments effected by corrections through the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574
Proc\'e8s-Verbal of Rectification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14104143\charrsid10973574 dated 13\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574 June 1978 and the amendments made by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\insrsid6102240\charrsid13129313 Protocol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574 of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574 done at London on 17\~February 1978 ([1988] ATS 29), other than corrections or amendments that have not entered into force for Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13129313 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574 by enacting the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574
Protection of the Sea (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act 1983 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (Cth)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid14827140\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11688029 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid14827140\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14827140\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 However, the Act permits Australia\rquote s States and Territories to make laws that create other offences in respect of discharges occurring within three nautical miles of the baseline of Australia
\rquote s territorial sea (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid14827140\charrsid10973574 see s 5(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid11688029\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid11688029\charrsid10973574 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 they have done so: New South Wales (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Marine Pollution Act 2012}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (NSW) s 15), Queensland (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Transport Operations (Marine Pollution) Act 1995}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (Qld) s 26), South Australia (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Protection of Marine Waters (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act 1987}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (SA) s 8), Tasmania (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Pollution of Waters by Oil and Noxious Substances Act 1987}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (Tas) s 8), Victoria (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Pollution of Waters by Oil and Noxious Substances Act 1986}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (Vic) s 8; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Environment Protection Act 1970}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574
(Vic) s 39(5)), Western Australia (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Pollution of Waters by Oil and Noxious Substances Act 1987 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574
(WA) s 8) and the Northern Territory (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid11688029\charrsid10973574 Marine Pollu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 tion Act 1999}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574
(NT) s 14) have all enacted complementary legislation that generally mirrors the Commonwealth provisions but creates a separate offence of strict liability for any discharge of oil in waters within three nautical miles of the coast (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid15234143 eg,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Marine Pollution Act 2012}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574
(NSW) s 15(1)). Strict liability is imposed on each of the master and owner and the ship (in Queensland, the offence also applies to a crew member who caused or contributed to the discharge unless complying with instructions: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Transport Operations (Marine Pollution) Act 1995}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (Qld)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 s 26(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid13129313 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 . In New South Wales there are similar strict liability offences for a crew member or person involved in the operation or maintenance of the ship, or any person responsible for the discharge:}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Marine Pollution Act 2012}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid13129313 (NSW) ss 16(1)-(2), 17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 , with similar defences available (see, eg, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Marine Pollution Act 2012}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (NSW) ss 18-20,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Protection of Marine Waters (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act 1987}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (SA) s\~8(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid13129313 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 . Some States have also created defences for certain shi
ps where the oil content of the effluent is less than a certain amount: see, eg, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Marine Pollution Act 2012}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (NSW) ss 23-25; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Pollution of Waters by Oil and Noxious Substances Act 1986}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs20\insrsid13129313 (Vic) s 8(4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 . The penalties for such offences range between fines of $500,000 and four years imprisonment (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Pollution of Waters by Oil and Noxious Substances Act 1987}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (Tas) s 8(1)) for an individual and $10,000,000 for a corporation (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 Marine Pollution Act 2012}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs20\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 (NSW) s 15(1)(a)-(b)).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid14827140\charrsid10973574 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574 That Act creates a series of criminal offen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574
ces of strict liability the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574 provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574 for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574 limited exceptions. The principal strict liability offence arises under s\~
9(1B) of that Act which provides that the master, charterer and owner of a ship each commit an offence punishable on conviction by a fine not exceeding 20,000 penalty units or $4.2 million}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid3223480\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid3223480\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3223480\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid13129313 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid3223480\charrsid10973574 ne penalty uni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11688029\charrsid10973574 t from 1 July 2017 equals AUD21.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574 if oil or an oily substance is discharged from a ship into the sea in the territorial sea of Australia and its exclusive economic zone, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4458049\charrsid10973574 ,
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574 in the case only of an Australian registered ship}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6102240\charrsid10973574 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574 beyond the exclusive economic zone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11688029 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 \tab
There are limited defences available, namely, where the discharge was for the purchase of securing the safety of a ship or saving life at sea, was caused by unintentional damage and after all reasonable precautions had been taken to prevent or
minimise the discharge, or was authorised for the purpose of combating specific pollution incidents (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 Protection of the Sea (Prevention from Pollution from Ships) Act 1983}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 (Cth) s 9(2), see also ss 9(4)).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11019788\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14110877\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 49.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2626786 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 One recent example of the application of State law occurred after }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 Pacific Adventurer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 discharged 270 tonnes of oil into the sea off Cape Moreton in March 2009. In October 2011 the owners
pleaded guilty to offences}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13129313 \tab U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 nder s 26(1)(a) of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574
Transport Operations (Marine Pollution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid13129313 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 Act 1995}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574 (Qld)}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid11232003\charrsid10973574 and were fined a total of $1.2 million}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid11232003\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\super\insrsid11232003\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11232003\charrsid10973574 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid11232003\charrsid10973574 R v Santos, Bluewind Shipping Ltd & Ors}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11232003\charrsid10973574 [2011] QDC 254}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4458049\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9975738\charrsid10973574
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13129313 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1776676\charrsid10973574 The scheme of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 1971 Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1776676\charrsid10973574 Convention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 50.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1845118 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7106719\charrsid10973574 he CLC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1776676\charrsid10973574 1969 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7106719\charrsid10973574 was quickly followed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 , in Brussels}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid7106719\charrsid10973574 by the adoption of the 1971 Fund Convention, the second tier of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7106719\charrsid10973574
compensation scheme. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7106719\charrsid10973574 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1776676\charrsid10973574 1971 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid7106719\charrsid10973574 Fund Convention entered into force in 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 978. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 addressed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 two concerns, namely that, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 , the amount of compensation under }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 the CLC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1776676\charrsid10973574 1969 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 likely in many cases }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 sufficient, and,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 secondly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 were the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 burden on shipowners }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 of providing full compensation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5521943\charrsid10973574
under the CLC 1969}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 , it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5521943\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 would be }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 too heavy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13129313 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 some responsibility }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 shift}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 to the oil industry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 as a whole}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 main purpose of the 1971 Fund }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6977542\charrsid10973574 Convention }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 s to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 enable the payment of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 additional compensation to claimants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 if }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574 the compensation available under the CLC 1969 was inadequate or unobtainable (Art 2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid14033599\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521943\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 51.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid5521943\charrsid10973574
The 1971 Fund Convention had the following relevant features:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6438844\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-360\li1080\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid1845118 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 the establishment of an international Fund financed by the oil industry }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid13776359\charrsid10973574 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 its administration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574
by an intergovernmental organisation, the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund 1971 (Arts 2, 10);
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the provision of an additional source of compensation if the amount of damage suffered exceeded the owner
\rquote s liability under the CLC 1969, or the owner had a valid defence under the CLC 1969, or he or his insurers were unable to meet their liability (Art 4(1)(a)-(c));
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}
the right of the shipowner or his insurer to be indemnified by the Fund for liability incurred under the CLC 1969 in excess of a set amount (Art 5);
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 \loch\af3\dbch\af31506\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}
an increase in the maximum amount payable per incident, including the amount paid by the shipowner and his insurer, to 60 million Special Drawing Rights (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 SDR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 ) (USD81 million) (previously 30 million SDR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 or USD40.5 million) (Art\~4(3))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid13129313 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8213174 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 ee further }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 Crain, above n 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 , 394;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid14488105\charrsid10973574 Jacobsson, above n 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid8806834\charrsid10973574 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 24}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12800287\charrsid10973574 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 52.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1845118 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 When the
CLC 1969 and 1971 Fund Convention were agreed, States parties assumed that the limits of liability then settled would be practical, and hopefully, sufficient to cover disasters like the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 . History has shown that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 such}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 limits rapidly become out of date. As Professors Nicholas Gaskell and Craig Forrest note}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\fs24\super\insrsid607879\charrsid10973574 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s16\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6256140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs18\f0\super\insrsid607879\charrsid10973574 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid607879\charrsid10973574 \tab Nicholas Gaskell and Craig Forrest, \lquote
Marine Pollution Damage in Australia: Implementing the Bunker Oil Convention 2001 and the Supplementary Fund Protocol 2003\rquote (2008) 27(2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\insrsid607879\charrsid10973574 University of Queensland Law Journal }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid607879\charrsid10973574 104, 116}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 :
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri379\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin379\lin1440\itap0\pararsid6310357 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 It seems as if each major disaster has provided evidence that the existing limits are not high enough; but when the limit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6310357\charrsid10973574 s}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574 are eventually increased, a further disaster shows that the new limits are also inadequate.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li1440\ri238\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin238\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1845118 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1845118\charrsid10973574
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3545606\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 53.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7472540 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid3545606\charrsid10973574 That has proved true. The CLC 1992, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid12548952\charrsid10973574 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3545606\charrsid10973574
1992 Fund Convention and the 2003 Protocol did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1794693\charrsid10973574 quell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3545606\charrsid10973574 the subsequent perceptions of many that in today
\rquote s world the scope of their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1794693\charrsid10973574 covers can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid3545606\charrsid10973574 and should be increased.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4458049 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4458049\charrsid10973574 The success of the post-}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f0\fs24\insrsid4458049\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid4458049\charrsid10973574 international regime
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 \hich\af0\dbch\af31506\loch\f0 54.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb120\sa120\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7472540 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6310357\charrsid10973574
he swift transformation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 of the international }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6310357\charrsid10973574 maritime }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid8084743\charrsid10973574 law regime }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6310357\charrsid10973574 governing oil pollution from ships from that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574
applying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9269256\charrsid10973574 immediately before the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid9269256\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid9269256\charrsid10973574 disaster }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6310357\charrsid10973574 to that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 four}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9269256\charrsid10973574 years after her grounding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 was quite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9269256\charrsid10973574
remarkable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6310357\charrsid10973574 And }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid15366485\charrsid10973574 because of this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f0\fs24\insrsid6310357\charrsid10973574 there can be no doubt that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid6310357\charrsid10973574 Torrey Canyon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid6310357\charrsid10973574
was truly a ship that changed the law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid9269256\charrsid10973574 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid4598348\charrsid10973574
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